刚强自评《新闻联播》首秀：刚刚及格 手心儿冰凉

????? IP ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? IP, ???? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? IP. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? IP ???????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?IP ?? ???? "????? ????? ?? ?????", ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? MAC, ???? ?????? IP ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? IP ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ????? IP ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? DHCP, ???? ??? ????? "????? ?????", ????? ?????? MAC, ?????? "????? ?????", ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? IP ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? (?? ???) ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??-???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??-?? ???? 4 ?? ???????? ?-IP, ?????? ????? ?? ???? 6 ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? IP.??????? IP

???? 4 ?? ???????? ????????, ?? ?????? IPv4, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? IP, ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?-RFC791 ???? ?????? ??????????? TCP/IP. ?????? ?????? ????? ??IP ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? IP ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? 4 ?? ????????? (IPv4) ????? IPv6.??IPv4

Internet Protocol version 6, ?? IPv6, ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????????. ???? 6 ?? ???????? ?-IP ??? ????? ?????? ????? 4 ?? ????????? (IPv4) (????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?-RFC 675). ????? ???? ????? ????? 5 ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ST-2 ?????? ??RFC 1819 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? IP. ???????? ?-IPv6 ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (Steve Deering) ?????? ????' (Craig Mudge) ????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ?-IETF ???? 1994.??IPv6

WHOIS (pronounced as the phrase "who is") is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information. The protocol stores and delivers database content in a human-readable format. The current iteration of the WHOIS protocol was drafted by the Internet Society, and is documented in RFC 3912. Whois is also the name of the command-line utility on most UNIX systems used to make WHOIS protocol queries. In addition WHOIS has a sister protocol called Referral Whois (RWhois). History Elizabeth Feinler and her team (who had created the Resource Directory for ARPANET) were responsible for creating the first WHOIS directory in the early 1970s. Feinler set up a server in Stanford's Network Information Center (NIC) which acted as a directory that could retrieve relevant information about people or entities. She and the team created domains, with Feinler's suggestion that domains be divided into categories based on the physical...??WHOIS

In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename) is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication, such as the World Wide Web. Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or they may be structured. Each hostname usually has at least one numeric network address associated with it for routing packets for performance and other reasons. Internet hostnames may have appended the name of a Domain Name System (DNS) domain, separated from the host-specific label by a period ("dot"). In the latter form, a hostname is also called a domain name. If the domain name is completely specified, including a top-level domain of the Internet, then the hostname is said to be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). Hostnames that include DNS domains are often stored in the Domain Name System together with the IP addresses of the host they represent for the purpose of mapping the hostname to an address, or the reverse process. Internet hostnames...??Hostname

???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ICMP ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????): ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ECHO REQUEST ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ECHO RESPONSE ?????? ???? (pong). ????? "????" ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????). ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??'??? IRC ???? ?????? ?????? ??.??????

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR ) is a method for allocating IP addresses and for IP routing. The Internet Engineering Task Force introduced CIDR in 1993 to replace the previous classful network addressing architecture on the Internet. Its goal was to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.IP addresses are described as consisting of two groups of bits in the address: the most significant bits are the network prefix, which identifies a whole network or subnet, and the least significant set forms the host identifier, which specifies a particular interface of a host on that network. This division is used as the basis of traffic routing between IP networks and for address allocation policies. Whereas classful network design for IPv4 sized the network prefix as one or more 8-bit groups, resulting in the blocks of Class A, B, or C addresses, under CIDR address space is allocated to Internet service providers and end users on any address-bit boundary. In IPv6, however, the interface identifier has a fixed size of 64 bits by convention, and smaller subnets...??Classless Inter-Domain Routing

In IP networking, a private network is a computer network that uses private IP address space. Both the IPv4 and the IPv6 specifications define private IP address ranges. These addresses are commonly used for local area networks (LANs) in residential, office, and enterprise environments. Private network addresses are not allocated to any specific organization. Anyone may use these addresses without approval from regional or local Internet registries. Private IP address spaces were originally defined to assist in delaying IPv4 address exhaustion. IP packets originating from or addressed to a private IP address cannot be routed through the public Internet. Private IPv4 addresses The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has directed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to reserve the following IPv4 address ranges for private networks: In practice, it is common to subdivide these ranges into smaller subnets. Dedicated space for carrier-grade NAT deployment In April 2012, IANA allocated the block 100...??Private network

A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to the same subnet are addressed with an identical most-significant bit-group in their IP addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a specific host or network interface. The routing prefix may be expressed in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character (/), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 198.51.100.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol version 4 network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. Addresses in the range 198.51.100.0 to 198.51.100.255 belong to this...??Subnetwork

A name server refers to the server component of the Domain Name System (DNS), one of the two principal namespaces of the Internet. The most important function of DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of human-memorable domain names (example.com) and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (93.184.216.34), the second principal name space of the Internet which is used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet. Although it is typically used in reference to DNS, the term name server may also be used for any computer application that implements a network service for providing responses to queries against a directory service which translates an often humanly meaningful, text-based identifier to a system-internal, often numeric identification or addressing component. This service is performed by the server in response to a service protocol request. Domain Name Server The Internet maintains two principal namespaces: the domain name hierarchy and the IP address system. The Domain Name System maintains the domain namespace and provides translation services...??Name server

traceroute ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? TCP/IP. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??IP ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????? UNIX ??Linux ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? traceroute. ?????? ?????? Windows ?????? ?????? ????? tracert.??Traceroute

Nmap (????? ?? Network Mapper? ?????; "???? ???") ??? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????. ??? ????? Nmap ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????. Nmap ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????, ???????, BSD, ?HP-UX, ?AmigaOS, ?-SGI IRIX. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???.??Nmap

??????, ???? (Port) ?? ???????? ??? ?????[???? ????] ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????: TCP ?-UDP. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 16 ????? ????? 65536 ?????? ??????? ?-UDP ?-65535 ?????? ??????? ?-TCP. ????? ?? ????? "???? ?????".?????? (??????)

Internet Protocol, ?? ?????? IP, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ? IP ??? ???????? ???? 3 ????? ???? ?? ???? ??OSI ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? (??? 1) ????? ??? (??? 2) ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ? IP ?????? ?????????? ????? 4 ???? TCP/IP ? UDP ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ????????? ?? ????? ????? IP ??? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ????? IP ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? IP ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.??Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol Security (???? ?????: IPsec) ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? IETF ?????? ???? ?-90 ???? ?? ?????? (packets) ?-IP, ???? ????? ?? ???????? IP ????. IPsec ???? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? IP, ????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ??????? IP ??? ????? ??????. ???, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? IP, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? IP, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?????) ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?-90 ??? ???? ????????? ?-IP ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? Internet Engineering Task Force (????? ????? IETF) ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ???????? IPsec ????? ???? ????????? IPv6 ???? ??????? ?? ??RFC 4294. ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? SSH ?-SSL ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? MUST ?????? SHOULD.??IPSec

Internet Control Message Protocol (????? ?????: ICMP) ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??RFC 792. ?????? ICMP ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? IP ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??RFC 1122. ????? ?? ICMP ??????? ????????? IPv4 ????? ?? ???? ICMPv4, ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??. ??IPv6 ?? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ICMP ????? ????? ??IP, ???? ??? ?????? IP ?????, ??? ???? ????? ICMP.? IP ???? ?? ????? ? ICMP ??????? ?????? IP ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????, ?? ????? (???? ???? ??????) ?????? ????? IP, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??(Time to Live (TTL ?? ?????? ????. ?? ??TTL ???? ????, ????? ICMP, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ICMP ????? ?????? ?????? IP ???, ??????, ????? ??UDP, ???????? ICMP ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ICMP ?????? ??????? IP ??????, ?????? ICMP ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? IP ??????, ??? ???-???????? ???? ?? IP. ?????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ICMP ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??IP ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? ICMP. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ICMP. ???? traceroute ????? ??????? ????? ????? UDP ?? ICMP ?? ???? TTL ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? (ping) ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??ICMP "??" ?-"?? ?????".??Internet Control Message Protocol

??Internet Control Message Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol (?"? TCP) ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-OSI ?????? ?-TCP/IP, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (Connection Oriented). ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? TCP/IP ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ?-IP ????? ????? ???????. TCP ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? IP, ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.??Transmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol (????? ?????: UDP) ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-OSI ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-TCP/IP ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? (?????? ????). UDP ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?-TCP. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? "connectionless" (???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? TCP), ?????? ????????? UDP ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? (??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????), ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? (?????? DNS) ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? (?????? VoIP ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???).??User Datagram Protocol

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (????? ?????: DHCP; ?????? ?????: ???????? ????? ?????? ?????) ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? IP ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? (LAN). ????? ?????? ?-IP, ??? DHCP ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?-Subnet mask, ????? ??? ?-DNS ?????? ??? ????? (Gateway), ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. DHCP ????? ??????? ???? RFC 1531 ????? ???? ?-90. DHCP ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-OSI ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-TCP/IP. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? UDP ?? ??? ?????? 67 (???) ?-68 (????) ???? ???????? ???? IP, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? IP ??? ????? ?????? (0) ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? DHCP ???????? - ??? DHCP ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???, ??? DNS ????. ?????? ?-DHCP ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? DHCP. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?-DHCP ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? DHCP snooping.??Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Domain Name System (????? ?????: DNS) ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? (Domain name) ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (?-URL) ??????? ???????? ???????? (?????? IP) ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ??????? ?-DNS ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???????? ?-DNS ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? IP. ?-DNS ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?-IP ?? ????? ????? ????? ??-??? ????? ?? ????.??Domain Name System

FTP (???? ?????: File Transfer Protocol) ??? ???????? ?????? ????? TCP ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??, ????? ???? FTP ?????? ?? ????? ??? FTP, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ?????????: ????? ????? ????????? ??????? (?????, ?????? ??????) ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???????: ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???.?????? ?? ???????? FTP, ?? ?? ?-RFC ???, ??: ???? ????? ????? (????? ????? ?????? ??????) ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????.FTP ??? ???????? ????? 8 ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? MIME ?? UUEncode. ????????? FTP ?? ??? ????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? (login) ???? ????. ????, ???????? ?? ????? ????? 21 ?? ???????? TCP. ???? ??????, FTP ???? session ????? 21, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? – login, ????? ?????, ??????, ???'. ???? ????, ???? Session ?? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????. FTP ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-OSI ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-TCP/IP. ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ???????? FTP ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? SSL. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?-SFTP ?? ?-FTPS, ???????? ????? ?-FTP.??File Transfer Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (???? ?????: HTTP) ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? HTML ?????????? ??? ?????? (??? ??????, ????? ???, ?????? ???? ???') ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-OSI ?????? ?????? ?? ???? TCP/IP. ???? HTTP ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? HTTP. ??????? ??HTTP ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? TCP ????? ??????? ?? ???????? TCP/IP, ?????? ????? ?? ????? (requests) ??????? (responses) ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????. ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?-IP ?????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? 80. ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? (????, ?? HTML) ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????, ???????? HTTP ??? stateless protocol – ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????-?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (cookies). ??????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????.??Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Internet Message Access Protocol (????? ?????: IMAP) ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????. IMAP ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? POP3. ???? ???????? POP3 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ????????? IMAP ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???, IMAP ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-MIME. ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?? IMAP ?? ??? ??????? ??? POP3?.??Internet Message Access Protocol

Post Office Protocol version 3 (?? ?????? POP3) ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ???–???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? TCP/IP. ????????? ???? ?????? POP ?-POP2, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? POP3, ?????? POP ??? ?? ???? ?-POP3. ????? ???????? ?? ???????? POP3 ??? 110.??Post Office Protocol

??Post Office Protocol

Telnet (????? ?? TELecommunication NETwork) ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? (LAN). ????????? ???? ???? 1969, ?????? ?? ??? IETF (????? ?????? ?????????? ???) ??????? RFC 854 ?-RFC 855). ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? telecommunication network, ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?-SSH ?????? ?????, ?????? Windows NT ???? ?????? ?-RDP. ???? ????? ????? ?? BSD (????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????) ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? 23. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? TCP ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? HTTP ??SMTP.??Telnet

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the regional Internet registry for Canada, the United States, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers. ARIN opened for business on December 22, 1997 after incorporating on April 18, 1997. ARIN is a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Chantilly, Virginia, United States.ARIN is one of five regional Internet registries in the world. Like the other regional Internet registries, ARIN: Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources Facilitates policy development by its members and stakeholders Participates in the international Internet community Is a nonprofit, community-based organization Is governed by an executive board elected by its membership Services ARIN provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. The nature of these services is described in ARIN's mission statement: ...??American Registry for Internet Numbers

??American Registry for Internet Numbers

??American Registry for Internet Numbers

??American Registry for Internet Numbers

AFRINIC (African Network Information Centre) is the regional Internet registry (RIR) for Africa. Its headquarters are in Ebene, Mauritius. Before AFRINIC was formed, IP addresses (IPv6 and IPv4) for Africa were distributed by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), and the RIPE NCC. ICANN provisionally recognised AFRINIC on 11 October 2004. The registry became operational on 22 February 2005. ICANN gave it final recognition in April 2005. Organisational Structure Board of Directors The AFRINIC Board consists of a nine-member Board of Directors. Six of the directors are elected to represent the different sub-regions, while two directors are elected to serve on the Board-based solely on competency as opposed to regional representation. The last seat on the Board is filled by the Chief Executive Officer. Elections are held at each AFRNIC Annual General Meeting (AGMM), which is conducted around May/June every year. Voting takes place both on site at these meetings and prior to the meeting via...??AFRINIC